Zeitschrift für Phonetik und Audiologie
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An Updated Terminology for the Internal Ear with Combined Anatomical and Clinical Terms

Hans J Ten Donkelaar* , Karen L Elliott , Bernd Fritzsch, David Kachlik, Matthew Carlson, Brandon Isaacson, Vedat Topsakal, Jonas Broman, R Shane Tubbs Robert Baud

Here we report a recent revision of the terminology in the Chapter Sense Organs (Organa sensuum)
of the Terminologia Anatomica and the Terminologia Histologica that addressed the internal or
inner ear, and which the Neuroanatomy Working Group of the Federative International Programme
for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists
(IFAA) updated thoroughly. After extensive discussions within FIPAT, and consultation with the IFAA
Member Societies, these parts of the TA and TH were merged to form Chapter 3 of the newly established
Terminologia Neuroanatomica, which currently stands alone. Since validation at the IFAA Executive
Meeting, September 22, 2016, in Göttingen, Germany, the TNA has been placed on the FIPAT website
open section as part of the official FIPAT Terminology. August 9, 2019, the TNA was accepted at the
19th World Congress of the IFAA in London as its official terminology for the nervous system and the
sense organs. This review presents an overview of the updated terminology for the internal or inner ear
used in the TNA, compares anatomical and clinical terms to bridge the gap between both approaches,
and provides brief descriptions and illustrations. We adopt a recent proposal for combining name
recognition with anatomical description, aiming at a short and clear nomenclature. Consequently, this
review also presents an overview of eponyms associated with the human inner ear over the years. In
Supplementary Tables, the changes in terminology are further explained.