Medizinische Sicherheit und globale Gesundheit
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Abstrakt

Perceived Stress in Clinical Areas and Emotional Intelligence among Baccalaureate Nursing Students

Johannes

Abstrakt

Krankenpflegeschüler sind im Umgang mit Patienten im klinischen Bereich potenziellen Stressquellen und Emotionen ausgesetzt . Die Studie untersuchte den wahrgenommenen Stress im klinischen Bereich und die emotionale Intelligenz von 135 Krankenpflegeschülern im zweiten bis vierten Jahr am College of Health Sciences in Bahrain. Zum Einsatz kamen die Perceived Stress Scale und die Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale. Den höchsten wahrgenommenen Stress erlebten die Krankenpflegeschüler durch Aufgaben und Arbeitsbelastung und traten bei den Viertsemestern auf . Alle Krankenpflegeschüler im klinischen Bereich erlebten insgesamt mäßige bis schwere Stressniveaus. Die Post-hoc-Analyse des F-Tests ergab bei den Zweitsemesterstudenten signifikante wahrgenommene Stressniveaus aufgrund mangelnder Fachkenntnisse und Fähigkeiten. Die emotionale Intelligenz nach Geschlecht und Studienjahr war statistisch nicht signifikant. Die Gesamtwerte für wahrgenommenen Stress und die emotionale Intelligenz zeigten eine negative Korrelation.

Nursing is a complex profession requiring professional nurses to interact with a variety of individuals including colleagues, clients and families in high stress environments. Nursing programs strive to prepare students with knowledge and technological skills to practice in multiple settings. Clinical practice is a critical component and the largest part of nursing education, which helps nursing students to enhance their professional knowledge, skills and values ​​(Ralph, Walker & Wimmer, 2009; Moscaritolo, 2009). Students develop an understanding of the patient problems, develop their clinical knowledge, develop problem solving abilities and technological skills as they proceed through various clinical specialties (Amr, El-Gilany, El- Moafee, Salama & Jimenz, 2011).  The concepts of stress among nursing and health care students have been widely discussed. It has been reported that these groups experience high levels of perceived stress (Birks, McKendree & Watt, 2009). Perceived stress can be conceptualized as the extent to which a situation in one's life is appraised as stressful and the ability of  the person to successfully deal with the personal and environmental challenges

(Forushani & Besharat, 2011). Clinical training is demanding and stressful to nursing students, and this is attributed to the demands of the course work, unfamiliar clinical environment, client population, nursing staff, and faculty. In addition, concerns about applied clinical skills in providing quality nursing care, fear of failure and emotions involved in dealing with patients creates additional anxiety in students (Birks et al., 2009; Maville, Kranz & Tucker, 2004; Oermann & Standfest, 1997 ). Nursing students are expected to be knowledgeable in different areas such as client diseases, treatment and medications, investigations and diagnostic tests, also should have skills in communication, patient-nurse interactions and multidisciplinary collaboration (Chen & Hung, 2014). Also, difficulty in balancing study and social activities, heavy course works, time pressures are contributing factors to increased levels of stress.

Major sources of stress among undergraduate nursing students also includes examinations, long hours of study, assignments and grades, lack of free time, and lack of social support (Maville et al., 2004). Three types of stressors in nursing students were also identified: academic stressors, clinical stressors, and personal/social stressors (Martos,  Landa, & Zafra, 2012). In a comparative and longitudinal study conducted among 1707 nursing students in Albania, Brunei, the Czech Republic, Malta, and Wales, the sufferings of patients, death of a patient, or learning from a dying patient were the most common clinical stressors reported by students (Burnard et al., 2008). In addition, difficulty in balancing home and college demands, time pressure, financial concerns, and stress associated with feeling unprepared for clinical practice, feelings of distance from faculty and staff in clinical areas and feeling incompetent in clinical skills were reported in literatures (Magnussen & Amundson, 2003).  Stress is a complex, dynamic process of interaction between a person and his/her life. It can positively or negatively affect individuals by either motivating or hindering academic and clinical achievement and can adversely affect their personal well-being and long term professional capabilities (Ray, 2006; Abhay, Krishnakumar, Paul & Shashidhar, 2011). Studies have shown that 40.2% of nursing students in Egypt and 71.8% of mid-level nursing students in Greece report high levels of perceived stress levels (Amr et al., 2011). By applying Neuman Systems Model to nursing students in clinical learning environments, Moscaritolo (2009) suggested that clinical stress invaded students' normal lines of defense and had resulted in anxiety. A strong positive association of  situational stress with increase in errors due to its effect in decision making, concentration and recall (Reeves, 2005) and also with students' ability for problem solving and use of intellectual processes have been reported (Shipton, 2002). Thus, stress can have an impact on nursing students by creating a poor professional image leading to difficulty in attracting new recruits to the profession, and also due to the dropout of distressed students who quit training as well as showing a poor performance outcome (Chan , Creedy, Chua & Lim, 2011). Conversely, Swafford (1992) suggests that anxiety among nursing students is less than would be expected and the anxiety they experience has positive effects (Ray, 2006). Elfert (1976) has reported that nursing students found clinical experiences satisfying, but also a source of increasing stress throughout their nursing program. The leading stressors were the examinations, the level and intensity of academic work load, the theory-practice gap, and poor relationships with clinical staff (Yucha, Kowalski & Cross, 2009). Insecurity, anxiety and fear occur when learning, ability and performance of students are evaluated (Custodio, Pereira & Seco, 2010). The initial clinical experience is the most stressful and a major domain of threat to nursing students compared to the personal, academic and social domains (Jimenez, Navia-Osorio & Diaz, 2010). Dealing with new clinical situations, handling  patients' emotional problems, giving first injections, seeing the first cardiac arrest, taking intimate care of both male and female patients, being critically evaluated by self and others are also potentially causes of concerns for nursing students ( Ray, 2006). Increasing patient acuity, complex technology and nursing staff shortage also puts nursing students in demanding situations and in stress (Wolfgang, Lind, Lynne & Anne, 2001). Even though sources of stress and stress levels have been reported among nursing students in Western populations, there has been limited research on clinical stress among the Arab population (Amr et al., 2011).  Many factors are identified to regulate and manage the level of stress an individual is experiencing. These moderator and mediator variables are important in contributing to a person's ability in coping with the stressful situations. The moderator factors include the sex, socio-economic status or personality traits and the mediators are the individual's own coping process. Family as a social group also contributes to individual coping skills. Emotional intelligence is another mechanism to moderate stress experienced by individuals (Berges & Augusto, 2007)  Emotional intelligence (EI), which is conceptualized in terms of perception, appraisal and expression of emotions, is increasingly  discussed as having a significant role in medicine, nursing and other health care disciplines, both for personal mental health and professional practice. Goleman (1998) suggested that life success depends more on emotional intelligence than cognitive intelligence. EI is the set of abilities (verbal and non-verbal) that enable a person to regulate his own emotions and understand other emotions inorder to guide thinking and action to successfully cope with environmental demands and pressures. It enables a person to accurately identify personal strengths and weakness leading to an attitude of self-confidence while improving the areas of weakness. EI also has been linked to leadership and better interactive skills and individuals with high EI tend to be more cooperative and said to have more self-control against criticism (Larin et al., 2011; Birks et al., 2009; Reeves, 2005) . Trait emotional intelligence, which refers to the individual differences in the perception, processing, regulation and utilization of emotional information, is found as a protective factor with respect to mental health and psychological well- being of individuals as well as to deal with depression, chronic diseases, chronic pain, substance abuse, anxiety and somatic symptom reporting (Forushani & Besharat, 2011).  Goleman (1998) hypothesized that emotional intelligence plays a role in establishing and maintaining relationships and Saarni (1999)  posited that emotional competence contributes to the quality of interpersonal relationships. In medical education, EI has been proposed as an important attribute of professional competence. Freshwater and Stickley (2004) discussed the role of emotions in caring for patients and how emotional intelligence can enhance nurses to deliver a more reflective practice. Some studies have demonstrated gender differences in the EI levels (Birks et al., 2009). Few studies conducted with nurses and other health care students have shown that EI minimizes negative stress consequences (Landa & Zafra, 2010; Birks et al., 2009; Pau & Croucher, 2003). EI allows nurses to develop empathy and help in establishing therapeutic relationships with clients and families, and help to better care for others and better manage stress (Landa & Zafra, 2010). As health care training involves patient contact, it may be hypothesized that students with high EI would achieve more satisfactory patient outcomes than students with low EI (Berges & Augusto, 2007). The increasing recognition of the role EI plays in improving patient outcomes has led some researchers to recommend it as a criterion for the selection of medical and nursing students (Pau & Croucher, 2003).  However, very little empirical work has examined EI in health professionals or its impact on professional and academic outcomes. Few research  studies have demonstrated that EI was positively associated with lower perceived stress in dental undergraduates (Birks etal., 2009). Obwohl viele Studien zum Thema Stress bei Krankenpflegeschülern durchgeführt wurden, gibt es nur wenige empirische Belege zum Thema Stress in klinischen Bereichen und emotionale Intelligenz bei Krankenpflegeschülern.

Ziele:

Ziel ist die Identifizierung der Quellen wahrgenommenen Stresses bei Krankenpflegeschülern im klinischen Bereich. Ziel war die Beurteilung der emotionalen Intelligenz von Krankenpflegeschülern im Bachelor-Studium. Ziel ist die Untersuchung der Beziehung zwischen wahrgenommenem Stress und emotionaler Intelligenz bei Krankenpflegeschülern.

Methodenbeispiel:

Drei Gruppen von Bachelor-Krankenpflegestudenten , die vom zweiten bis zum vierten Jahr das College of Health Sciences der Universität von Bahrain besuchen, einschließlich der Praktikanten , wurden mittels geschichteter Zufallsstichproben ausgewählt. Die Teilnehmer waren zwischen 18 und 35 Jahre alt . In die Studie wurden nur diejenigen einbezogen , die klinische Lernerfahrungen  gemacht hatten . Fragebögen wurden an 140 Studenten verteilt, von denen 135 ausgefüllt und zurückgeschickt wurden (96,42 %). Die endgültige Stichprobe besteht aus 112 Frauen und 23 Männern.

Werkzeuge:

In addition to the demographic information which included the student's age, gender, year of study and the clinical practice areas they were already exposed, the following questionnaires were used:Perceived Stress Scale (PSS): Perceived stress was measured using PSS, developed by Sheu et al. in 1997 (Sheu, Lin & Hwang, 2002), after obtaining written permission from the author. The scale consists of 29 items on a five-point Likert Scale grouped into six factors: stress from taking care of patients, stress from teachers and nursing personnel, stress from assignments and workload, stress from peers and daily life, stress from lack of professional knowledge and skills & stress from clinical environment. The total scores ranged from 0 to 116, higher scores indicating higher degrees of stress. The Cronbach's alpha of the scale is 0.89 with a one-week test-retest reliability of 0.60.  Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale: Emotional Intelligence among nursing students was measured using Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale developed by Schutte et al., in 1998 (Schutte,  Malouf & Bhullar, 2009). Permission was obtained from the author for using this scale. The internal consistency of the scale is 0.87 measured by Cronbach's alpha. It consists of 33 items and rated on a 5-point scale, three of which are reverse scored. The total scores ranged from 33 to 165, higher scores indicating higher emotional intelligence.

Procedure:

The study was approved by the Research Committee of the institution. The data was collected from May 2012 to February 2013. A descriptive correlational study design was used. Students received an information sheet explaining the purpose of the study and participation was on voluntary basis assuring confidence of the information. The questionnaires were distributed in the classrooms and allowed to be taken home to complete.  Descriptive and inferential data analyzes were performed. Gender differences on perceived stress levels and emotional intelligence were calculated using t-tests. ANOVA (analysis of Covariance) was used to test the differences in stress levels of respondents according to year of study. Post hoc analysis was performed for statistically significant ANOVA findings. Additionally, Pearson  correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between perceived stress levels and EI.

Results

Survey Response and Demographic Characteristics:  A total of 135 nursing students, 112 females (83%) and 23 males (17%) participated in the study. When grouped according to the year of study, 52 of them were fourth years (38%), 39 were third years (29%) and the remaining 44 (33%) were second year nursing students.

Part A: Perceived Stress Levels

The highest perceived stress experienced by the nursing students were from assignments and workload (Mean = 3.90, SD = 0.123) followed by stress from peers and daily life (Mean = 3.22, SD = 0.057). Stress from teachers and nursing staff, taking care of patients, lack of professional knowledge and skills and environment were comparatively low (Mean= 3.01, SD=0.041, 2.46, SD=0.077, 2.41, SD=0.181, 2.41, SD=0.014  respectively ).  Stress level of baccalaureate nursing students as per the year of study. All the three groups of respondents had high mean stress levels in terms of assignments and workload, and was the highest among the fourth year students (Mean=  4.01, SD=0.739 vs. Mean= 3.97, SD=0.539 and

Mean = 3.68, SD=0.763 for fourth, second and third years respectively). This could be attributable to the nature of courses they were undertaken during their final year of study like Pediatric Nursing, Nursing Research, Professional issues and the Internship, in which each of them has its own mastery requirements and professional competencies. Moderate to severe overall stress levels were experienced (Mean=2.96, SD=0.071) by all groups of respondents when classified as per their year of study. However, the test of difference on the stress level of the respondents using ANOVA showed that students have an incomparable stress level from lack of professional knowledge and skills as denoted by p-value of .006 at 0.05 level of significance  EI scores over their male counterparts (Mean=129.42, SD=16.86  vs.  Mean=127.26, SD=9.98).  The scores also showed a comparative variance: F- value of 3.146 and p-value of .078 at 0.05 level of significance and a t-value of -.574 and p-value of  567. However, the EI scores were not statistical significant by gender as well as the year of study.  Part C: Relationship of Student's overall stress level and Emotional Intelligence  A highly negative significant relationship (r-value of -0.276 and p-value of .001) between the over-all  stress level and EI was observed among the respondents tested at 0.01 level of significance.

Discussion

The major focus of our study was to identify relationships between perceived stress in clinical areas and emotional intelligence among baccalaureate nursing students. The findings of the study shows that the stress experienced by the nursing students in clinical areas were slightly higher (Mean=2.96, SD=0.071) than the stress levels among Associate Degree Nurses and BSN nursing students (Mean=2.34) [Oermann & Steadfast, 1997]. It was also much higher than the stress reported in Hong Kong nursing students (Mean=2.10, SD=0.44), and among Taiwan nursing students (Mean=1.75, SD= 0.43) in their initial period of nursing practice (Chan & So, 2009; Sheu et al., 2002). In contrast, nursing students experienced lower levels of perceived stress than other groups such as Dental, Medical, and Physiotherapy and Engineering students (Abhay et al., 2011).

Stress by year of nursing program

In this study, second year students experienced greater amounts of overall perceived stress levels than third and fourth year baccalaureate nursing students similar to other studies (Chan & So, 2009; Tully, 2004; Custodio et al., 2010; Jimenez et al.,  2010; Sharif & Masoumi, 2005). Most of their stress levels stemmed up from lack of professional knowledge and skills. The person is more prepared to cope with stress when he or she has had similar experiences (Berges & Augusto, 2007). This is lacking in second year students as they are exposed to the clinical areas for the first time, where they develop their professional skills as a beginner in taking care of patients. The clinical instructors or mentors can provide more support and encouragement to students to boost their self-confidence and independence which strengthens their clinical competencies (Sharif & Masoumi, 2005).  Among various types of clinical stressors, fourth year students experienced highest levels of stress in terms of assignments and workload than second year and third year students. Whereas environmental factors, frequent exams and assignments, and unfair clinical evaluations are reported to be most negative and stress inducing in the clinical practice in other studies (Abhay et al., 2011; Ralph et al., 2009 & Custodio et al., 2010 ).Stress by gender There were no significant gender differences in the perceived stress levels among nursing students. However, male nursing students experienced higher stress levels than female students in regard to lack of professional knowledge and skills whereas female students experienced greater amount of stress in regard to assignments and workload. It could be due to the  fact that female students have to cope up with the increasing demands of personal and familial responsibilities apart from their academic and professional demands. Similarly, higher levels of perceived stress among female students is reported in other studies (Custodio et al., 2010; Pau & Croucher, 2003; Amr, Gilany & Hawary, 2008). In contrast, few studies reported no  gender differences in levels of perceived stress among students in professional courses (Abhay et al., 2011; Yucha et al., 2009).

Emotional Intelligence by year of study

In our study, emotional intelligence scores were higher among third year students than fourth and second year students, but it was not statistically significant. Although emotional intelligence scores were not indicated by year of the nursing program in other studies, however, it appears that emotional intelligence is linked with the perceived stress scores. Third year students, who obtained higher emotional intelligence scores, were experiencing comparatively lower levels of perceived stress than fourth and second year students in our study, similar to other studies (Birks et al., 2009; Por, Barriball, Fitzpatrick, & Roberts, 2011 ).  Emotional Intelligence by gender Higher EI scores among female respondents over their male counter parts were observed in our study, but it was not  statistically significant, whereas, a significantly higher EI score among female students than male students were observed among dental undergraduates (Pau & Croucher, 2003). In contrast, higher EI scores among male students than female students were found in other studies, even though it was also statistically not significant (Por et al., 2011; Namdar, Sahebihagh, Ebrahimi & Rahmani, 2008).  Emotional Intelligence & Stress Emotional intelligence is found to act as a moderator of stress and to a certain level found to reduce the pronounced effects of stress. Our study results support the findings of previous research, and shows that there is a negative correlation between EI and perceived stress (Por et al., 2011; Birks et al., 2009; Pau & Croucher, 2003; Sunil & Rooprai, 2009 ). It appears that individuals with higher EI scores are better able to regulate and express their emotions and to adapt with the demanding situations experiencing less amounts of stress. It is also possible that students with higher EI were able to maintain and generate positive moods even in vulnerable situations, and are able to better handle the negative emotions by channeling them in a positive way.

Conclusion

The findings provide insight into the stressful nature of the nursing practice in the clinical area and the benefit of having high emotional intelligence to ameliorate stress to a certain level. Students experience high levels of stress while dealing with clients and their families in addition to interacting with the health care staff and nursing faculty in a complex environment. Students need to be monitored when they come across difficult situations in regard to their course work and clinical assignments and provided with the support whenever necessary. Also, academic assignments have to be balanced and workload of assignments needs to be reviewed with the requirements of clinical based practice so that it will be more interesting for them to learn. Faculty and nursing staff can prepare students for reality in practice, by which students acquire professional self-concept by developing independent learning and decision-making capabilities. Our main study limitation was that it was conducted in one setting, which may affect the generalization of the study results to other institutions. Secondly, most of the participants in our study were females since an equal ratio of males were not available.  We hope that the present paper gives an insight into understanding the baccalaureate nursing students stress levels in a clinical environment. Further studies are required to explore the other variances which could interfere with stress and  performance attributed to EI and to determine perceived stress levels of students  in clinical area in relation to various courses, so that specific strategies for overcoming stressors can be determined. It would be also helpful to investigate whether teaching EI can bring positive outcomes to enhance nursing students' emotional intelligence skills, to help in developing self-control and reducing stress, for better personal and professional growth and psychosocial adaptation so as to include EI as a special component when they attract students for the profession. Emotional intelligence can beDies wird in Zukunft als Voraussetzung für die Einstellung von Kandidaten mit fürsorglichen und mitfühlenden Eigenschaften angesehen, die sich für andere einsetzen, insbesondere im heutigen Pflegebereich, wo persönliche Einstellungen und technische Kompetenzen ebenso geschätzt werden wie intellektuelle Fähigkeiten.

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